Where can I learn more about writing puzzle solvers?

I posted a similar question on Stack Overflow a few years ago and it was closed for being too vague. Please, let me know how I can clarify this question if it needs elaboration.

I'm starting my first college programming class in January (C++, an accelerated course smooshing two quarter classes into one) and I've gotten started early. The official textbook is Starting Out with C++, Early Objects (syntax heavy) and I'm complimenting it with Think Like a Programmer.

I want more resources like Think Like a Programmer: source code in C++ for solving simple puzzles; strategies for solving puzzles in a methodical fashion; writing puzzle solvers and general guides to formalizing that thought process programmers go through when they solve everyday problems and turn them into loops and conditions.

Tl;dr: I'm looking for puzzles that will help me become a better programmer by both practicing them and writing solvers for them.